Why are people protesting in Hong Kong? China’s new ‘national security’ law explained - and what it means for British National Passport holders
The first arrests under a controversial new law “anti-protest” law have been made, as Hong Kong police crack down on activists
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Hide AdThe new law has been brought in by authorities in an effort to protect “national security”, but critics say it could lead to arbitrary detention, extradition to mainland China and the erosion of democracy.
The national security law targets secession, subversion and terrorism with punishments up to life in prison; police have used water cannon, tear gas and pepper spray on demonstrators.
Here’s everything you need to know:
What is the new law?
The new law asserts that damaging public transport can be considered an act of terrorism, and opens the possibility for those suspected of breaking the law to be wire-tapped and put under surveillance.
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Hide AdPerhaps more worrying, some trials will now be able to be conducted behind closed doors, with those found guilty banned from standing for public office in the future.
Beijing now has control over many of these cases, and its new security office with its own law enforcement personnel – established under the legislation – does not come under the local authority’s jurisdiction.
Hong Kong’s chief executive also has the power to appoint judges to hear national security cases, and some cases can be trialled in mainland China.
Why is it controversial?
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Hide AdWhen Hong Kong was returned to China from British control in 1997, a ‘Basic Law’ was brought in to protect freedom of speech and democratic rights, protections that were meant to last at least 50 years.
Also known as the “one country, two systems” principle, these freedoms didn’t necessarily apply in China, and the new law appears to be the first step to dismantling the liberties afford Hong Kong citizens, bringing it more in line with the mainland.
The new law criminalises secession, subversion, terrorism and collusion with foreign forces, and can be punished with up to life in prison; as an idea of how strict the rules are, waving an independence flag could be considered a crime of secession under the new rule.
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Hide AdIt has been widely condemned by countries including the US, where Secretary of State Mike Pompeo said: "[China] promised 50 years of freedom to the Hong Kong people, and gave them only 23."
Why are people protesting?
The change in rules come after months of widespread protests and civil rest in Hong Kong, spurred by calls for greater democracy.
The protests were triggered by a now-scrapped bill permitting extraditions to the mainland, and turned into a larger anti-China and pro-democracy movement.
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Hide AdThey remained firmly in the headlines towards the tail end of 2019, but since the outbreak of coronavirus , the movement has taken a back seat in the news narrative.
Authorities have taken the pandemic as a chance to quietly implement the new law – details of the law were kept secret until passed – while curtailing any uprising under Covid-19 lockdown measures.
Crowds have been marking 23 years since the end of British rule at annual pro-democracy rallies to mark the anniversary, rallies have banned in 2020 with authorities citing restrictions on gatherings of more than 50 people due to the ongoing pandemic.
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Hide AdAlongside the usual pro-democracy demonstrations, protesters have been speaking out against the new law itself, carrying banners and shouting their opposition.
Who has been arrested?
The law came into effect at 11pm local time on Tuesday 30 June, just an hour before the anniversary; demonstrators and police have already reported over 300 arrests, with nine of them falling under the new security law.
A 15-year-old girl – seen waving a flag carrying an independence message – is believed to be among those arrested under the new security law, as reported by the South China Morning Post.
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Hide AdOne bizarre case saw a man arrested for brandishing a flag with “Hong Kong independence” written in large English letters. But a closer look at the images posted by authorities revealed the banner also had the words “no to” included in much smaller characters.
It’s not clear if the small letters will save the man from prosecution.
What does it mean for British National Passport holders?
UK Foreign Secretary Dominic Raab has said the new security law is a "grave and deeply disturbing step", calling it a "clear and serious breach" of the 1985 Joint Declaration, a legally binding agreement signed by the UK and China to protect freedoms in the territory.
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Hide AdAs it stands, British National Overseas Passport holders have restricted rights and are only entitled to visa-free access to the UK for six months.
But Britain has extended Hong Kong residents immigration rights; about 350,000 UK passport holders and 2.6 million other eligible people will be able to come to the UK for five years – after a further year they will be able to apply for citizenship.